Navy of the Russian Federation. Navy (Navy). The Navy (Navy) is a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is intended for armed defense of interests. Commanders-in-Chief of the Russian Navy

In 2012, one of the most odious decisions was carried out former Minister of Defense Anatoly Serdyukov: The main headquarters of the Russian Navy moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. On this occasion, from the St. Petersburg Admiralty, the headquarters of the Leningrad Naval Base was urgently moved to Kronstadt, and the Naval Engineering Institute was moved to the city of Pushkin, Leningrad Region. The historic building has undergone expensive renovations, which to this day have no end in sight. This week it turned out that all the torment is in vain. The main headquarters of the Navy was ordered to urgently (already in 2015) return to Moscow.

Thus, the long epic of the naval leadership’s wanderings, which began back in 2007, ends ingloriously and with huge financial losses for the country. Its initiators never hid - Boris Gryzlov, who at that time headed the State Duma and the United Russia party, and former governor of St. Petersburg Valentina Matvienko. Valentina Ivanovna then, in 2007, joyfully announced: “We have been nurturing this idea for a long time.”

Everything was done under the slogan of returning capital functions to St. Petersburg and freeing Moscow from their surpluses. Has the Constitutional Court moved to the Northern capital? Who else would you like to drag? Come on, military sailors. Still, St. Petersburg is the cradle of the Russian fleet. It turns out that it’s like a return to the roots. In addition, the Admiralty was built for Peter’s admirals.

Nearby there will be a bunch of design bureaus and research institutes, shipyards, the Naval Academy, schools, and the Leningrad naval base. The Baltic Fleet, after all. Such was the system of high-ranking arguments for this idea. They saw it as very glamorous.

The response is the indignation of people of action. First of all, naval specialists, former and current fleet commanders. In an open letter from retired admirals to the president of the country, the initiative of Gryzlov and Matvienko was called “harmful and absolutely unacceptable.” They also indicated the approximate price it would cost the budget - 40-50 billion rubles.

The main headquarters of the Navy is not just a couple of hundred offices on Bolshoy Kozlovsky, the authors of the letter explained to the dull. These are, first of all, officer-operators who have been trained for decades to control warships, aircraft and nuclear submarines in the World Ocean. At the end of their service, they acquired apartments in the capital and are not ready to move. This time.

Communication centers with hectares of antenna fields and hundreds of kilometers of cables (primarily the 109th Central Communications Center in Balashikha), multi-story underground command posts erected in the Moscow region - these are two. If the naval leadership moves to St. Petersburg, who will need these top secret Cyclopean structures in the old place? But the new one has nothing like that. And it is not expected in the coming decades due to the lack of funds for such a gigantic construction project.

Finally, how to carry out operational interaction in Moscow through secret correspondence between the General Staff of the Navy and the General Staff of the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense is clear. But how can all this be built from St. Petersburg? Send a courier and machine gunners every day with each paper?

Most likely, these doubts in the Kremlin were then considered the senile grumbling of retired admirals. And they brushed them aside like annoying flies. The idea of ​​moving promised Anatoly Serdyukov and his “women’s battalion” liberation of priceless hectares in the center of Moscow and the near Moscow region. Everything else faded in their eyes before the brilliant commercial prospect.

Serdyukov encountered various minor difficulties on the cherished road later. Let's say, in 2008, at a conference of the Academy of Military Sciences the then Chief of the General Staff Yuri Baluevsky asked: how does he feel about the planned relocation of the General Staff of the Navy to St. Petersburg? “Personally, I regard it as not necessary,” was the army general’s response. He was immediately dismissed.

I resisted the idea for a long time and former Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Admiral Vladimir Vysotsky. True, cautiously and not publicly. He told journalists that he had not seen official documents on this matter, and therefore, he said, he was not ready to talk about the timing. According to rumors, Vysotsky had to endure brutal behind-the-scenes battles. They say it was because of them that the 55-year-old commander-in-chief was dismissed by President Dmitry Medvedev in mid-2011. Without a doubt, the reason was scandal. At the age of 55, commanders-in-chief do not simply leave their chairs.

The path to the move was almost clear. The officers and admirals of the General Staff themselves remained, not all of whom were ready to pack their bags. They were dealt with even more simply - a tsunami of personnel cuts swept through the corridors of Bolshoi Kozlovsky. Of the nearly thousand military personnel, two-thirds were sent to the reserve or retired due to “organizational and staffing measures.”

Most of those who remained in office had recently arrived in Moscow from the navies and had not had time to acquire apartments in the capital city. These went to St. Petersburg with a light heart, since they were promised the cherished housing, at least in a new place. Therefore, Vysotsky’s successor as commander in chief Admiral Viktor Chirkov in 2012, when everything had already happened, he reported in all seriousness: “Out of 100% of the main command, for family reasons, three people refused to go and will be resigning. Therefore, there are no losses.”

However, everyone very quickly became convinced that it was difficult to control fleets from St. Petersburg. Expenses for business trips to Moscow and hotels at the General Staff increased explosively. Chirkov himself began to spend the night in the compartment of the branded Red Arrow train, it seems, more often than in his own bedroom. It was often simply impossible for General Staff officials to obtain the coveted signatures on official documents in a timely manner—many had to be rushed by plane or train to the General Staff and the Ministry of Defense. You also had to communicate with ships on the ocean through Moscow - how else?

A madhouse on a sinking cruiser during a fire...

And then back in November 2012, the businessman-minister Serdyukov was removed. Replaced him on the ruins of the army Sergei Shoigu I quickly dealt with the problems of military sailors. Just a month and a half after the destructive move, he ordered “to work out the issue of returning the General Staff of the Navy to Moscow.” At the same time - and with an increase by 150 positions in the staff of naval managers thoughtlessly destroyed by Serdyukov.

And now, it turns out, the moment of return has come. Although, strictly speaking, this is not entirely a correction of previous mistakes of the country’s leadership and the Ministry of Defense. Because the High Command of military sailors is being returned to Moscow to a new place and in a new capacity. The department will not have to move into his previous apartments in the capital’s Bolshoi Kozlovsky Lane near the Krasnye Vorota metro station. And there’s nowhere else to be – this complex of buildings has housed the logistics headquarters of the Russian Armed Forces since 2012. And, by the way, he still doesn’t know why he inherited secure communication lines with the fleets and the same Balashikha.

Well, the rear headquarters has nowhere to move from Bolshoi Kozlovsky. Its former windows looked directly at Red Square and the Spasskaya Tower. Therefore, these priceless buildings were among the first to be sold.

In general, now the disposition is as follows: The Main Headquarters of the Navy is waiting for the Moscow Arbat. That is, the snow-white building in which today the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff live. Along with the sailors, the headquarters of the Ground Forces and the Air Force will also move there at the beginning of next year.

Where are the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff? A road awaits them too, but not a long one - to the Frunzenskaya embankment of the Moscow River. To the “high-rise”, which since Soviet times has been occupied by the vast General Headquarters of the Ground Forces, and today by its remnants.

There, on Frunzenskaya Embankment, one of Shoigu’s main brainchildren, the National Defense Control Center of the Russian Federation (NTSUOG), will be operational from December 1. It will consist of three command posts: a high command center, a combat control center, including the Nuclear Deterrence Forces, and a center for managing the daily activities of the army and navy.

Moreover, this will not be just a new “brain of the army.” NTSUOG is conceived as a governing body of all government structures, capable of operating in conditions of both full-scale combat operations and unconventional forms of warfare. Secure communication lines from here will extend to all federal ministries and departments, as well as to regional administrations of the country.

So maybe it will work out well. But is it rational for military sailors to travel from Bolshoi Kozlovsky to Frunzenskaya via St. Petersburg? And how much does such a trip cost? If one way costs 40-50 billion rubles, then the other way is probably about the same. Then maybe we can count?

100 billion rubles is, at the current exchange rate, $2.5 billion. According to open sources, one modern Steregushchiy-class corvette or Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate costs the treasury $100 million. Then it turns out that on the journey of the General Headquarters of the Navy from Moscow to St. Petersburg and back, we thoughtlessly “strolled” an entire squadron - 25 ships of the ocean zone.

Messrs. Gryzlov, Medvedev and Serdyukov, Mrs. Matvienko - who will pay for this banquet for the country?

The scandal with the General Staff of the Navy was commented on by many. What happened most eloquently, in my opinion, was former submariner, marine painter Alexander Pokrovsky: “All this, it seems to me, can only be done with very large petroleum fat. A lot happens to fat.”

Photo at the opening of the article: Russia. Saint Petersburg. View of the Admiralty building complex on the 2nd Admiralty Island / Photo: Yuri Belinsky/TASS

Russian Navy (Navy of the Russian Federation ) is one of the three branches of the state's armed forces.

It is intended for armed defense of the interests of the Russian Federation, conducting combat operations in the sea and ocean theaters of war. The Russian Navy is capable of launching nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying its fleet groups at sea and at bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting the Ground Forces in landing amphibious assault forces, and participating in repelling enemy landing forces.

Modern Russian Navy is the successor to the USSR Navy, which, in turn, was created on the basis of the Russian Imperial Navy. The birth of the Russian regular navy is considered to be 1696, when the boyar Duma issued a decree “There will be sea vessels.” The first ships were built at the shipyards of the Voronezh Admiralty. Over its 300-year history, the Russian fleet has gone through a glorious military path. 75 times the enemy lowered their flags in front of his ships.

Russian Navy Day celebrated on the last Sunday of July. This holiday was established by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1939.

OPPORTUNITIES AND TASKS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The importance of the Navy in the modern world is difficult to overestimate. This branch of the armed forces is best suited for the global projection of military power to any region of the globe. Specific capabilities inherent only to the Navy are:

1) Mobility and high autonomy, with the ability to reach any point in the World Ocean through neutral waters. While the mobility of the Ground Forces is, as a rule, limited within the borders of their own country, and the autonomy of Navy aircraft does not exceed several hours of flight, naval groups can operate for months at any distance from their bases. High mobility makes it difficult to launch strikes, including nuclear ones, against a deployed enemy naval group, because during the time required to prepare a strike, it can shift significantly, and not always in a predictable direction.

2) High firepower and range of modern shipborne weapons. This allows the navy to hit targets located several hundred or even thousands of meters from the coast. Thus, the Navy is an important instrument of “non-contact” warfare. Combined with mobility and autonomy, this property allows one to exert military pressure on almost any (albeit with some restrictions) state in the world.

3) Short response time to a crisis situation. Possibility of rapid redeployment to a crisis region without long-term political and infrastructural costs.

3) The secrecy of the actions of the Navy's submarine forces. No other branch of the armed forces has this capability. It is the strategic submarine missile cruisers on combat duty that are the factor that can significantly limit the actions of a potential aggressor. After all, the exact location of underwater strategic cruisers is unknown; some of them may be very close to the shores of a potential enemy, and in the event of aggression against Russia, they are capable of delivering a retaliatory strike with monstrous consequences.

4) Versatility of application. The navy can be used in operations of various types:

• show of force,
• combat duty,
• naval blockade and protection of communications,
• peacekeeping and anti-piracy activities,
• humanitarian missions,
• transfer of ground forces,
• coastal protection,
• conventional and nuclear war at sea,
• strategic nuclear deterrence,
• strategic missile defense,
• landing operations and combat operations on land (independently or in cooperation with other types of armed forces).

Let us dwell on some aspects of the use of the Navy. What a demonstration of force is was shown quite recently, when a Russian Navy squadron led by the Admiral Kuznetsov TAVKR entered the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the possibility of an external invasion of Syria was prevented. From that same time, a series of military successes began for the Assad regime in the fight against the “rebels.” But the United States has the greatest potential for demonstrating force. We can say that they demonstrate strength continuously in all key points of the globe, and this is an integral part of American foreign policy.

The United States also currently takes a leading position in the creation of a naval component of missile defense (BMD). The fleet is considered here as a maritime component of the global missile defense system. Interception of ballistic missiles is carried out by specially developed interceptor missiles launched from sea carriers under the control of the Aegis system. It is very likely that in the foreseeable future the Russian Navy will receive its own analogue of the Aegis. The media reported plans of the Russian Ministry of Defense in 2016 to begin construction of six destroyers equipped with elements of anti-missile and anti-space defense.

The Navy, as a global military instrument, must have its own air and land components. This is exactly what we see in the US Navy. Well-equipped expeditionary divisions of the US Marine Corps, with armored vehicles, aircraft and logistics support units, are capable of arriving anywhere in the world in the shortest possible time and landing on the coast for the purpose of conducting humanitarian, counterinsurgency operations, or full-scale combat operations. This is the essence of US colonial policy, and the Navy is its universal instrument. Russian sailors also had to fight a lot on land, but in a different way. Sailors went to the front in a critical situation and, as a rule, on their own soil. And this is not only the Civil War and the Second World War. In such purely land wars of recent Russian history as the First and Second Chechen Wars, it was not without the participation of sailors.

In peacetime, the Russian Navy performs the following tasks:

• deterrence from the use of military force or the threat of its use against the Russian Federation;
• protection of the country's sovereignty, extending beyond its land territory to internal sea waters and the territorial sea, sovereign rights in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf, as well as freedom of the high seas;
• creating and maintaining conditions to ensure the safety of maritime economic activities in the World Ocean;
• ensuring Russia's naval presence in the World Ocean, demonstrating the flag and military force, official visits;
• ensuring participation in military, peacekeeping and humanitarian actions carried out by the world community that meet the interests of the state;
• ensuring the personal safety of Russian citizens located in foreign coastal states in the event of conflict situations arising in them.

In peacetime, the tasks of the Russian Navy are solved by carrying out the following activities:

• combat patrols and combat duty of strategic missile submarines (SSBN) in established readiness to strike designated targets of a potential enemy;
• combat support of the RPLSN (ensuring the combat stability of the RPLSN) on routes and in combat patrol areas;
• searching for nuclear missile and multi-purpose submarines of a potential enemy and tracking them along routes and in mission areas in readiness for destruction with the outbreak of hostilities;
• observation of aircraft carrier and other naval strike groups of a potential enemy, tracking them in areas of their combat maneuvers in readiness to strike them with the outbreak of hostilities;
• revealing and hindering the activities of enemy reconnaissance forces and means in the seas and ocean areas adjacent to our coast, observing and tracking them in readiness for destruction with the outbreak of hostilities;
• ensuring the deployment of fleet forces during a threatened period;
• identification of communications and equipment of ocean and sea theaters in strategically important areas of the World Ocean;
• study of probable areas of combat operations and conditions for the use of various branches of the naval forces, the use of weapons and technical means;
• monitoring the activities of foreign fleets;
• protection of civil navigation;
• implementation of foreign policy actions of the country's leadership;
• protection and security of the State Border of the Russian Federation in the underwater environment;
• protection and security of the State Border of the Russian Federation in airspace and control of its use;
• protection of the State border of the Russian Federation on land and sea by military methods;
• assistance to the Border Troops of the FSB of the Russian Federation in protecting the State Border, the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;
• assistance to internal troops and internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in suppressing internal conflicts and other actions using means of armed violence on the territory of the Russian Federation, ensuring public safety and a state of emergency in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• sea ​​coast defense;
• assistance to the civil defense troops and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation in eliminating the consequences of accidents, disasters, fires and natural disasters.

The tasks of the Russian Navy in wartime are as follows:

• ensuring the combat stability of strategic missile submarines;
• defeating strike naval groups of enemy naval forces and gaining dominance in the near sea (ocean) zone, creating favorable conditions for actions in the coastal direction;
• protection of vital sea communications;
• landing amphibious assault forces and ensuring their actions on the shore;
• delivering fire strikes against aggressor troops from sea directions;
• protecting your coastline;
• blockade of the enemy coast (ports, naval bases, economic coastal areas, strait zones);
• in the event of the use of nuclear weapons by the enemy - destruction of ground objects on its territory, participation in the first and subsequent nuclear strikes.

It should be added that the World Ocean is both a colossal source of resources and a global transport artery. In the future, the importance of ocean control is likely to only increase. A pressing problem for Russia is the growing competition for control over the resources of the Arctic Ocean, which today looks increasingly promising from an economic point of view. And a strong navy is for Russia the key to the wealth of the North.

STRUCTURE AND COMBAT COMPOSITION OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The structure of the Russian Navy includes the following forces:

• surface;
• underwater;
• naval aviation;
• coastal troops.

Separate forces are special forces, logistics support and hydrographic service.

Let's take a closer look at each of the above types of forces of the Russian Navy.

Surface forces

They provide access to submarine combat areas, their deployment and return to bases, as well as transportation and cover of landing forces. Surface forces are assigned the main role in protecting communications, laying and eliminating minefields.

The surface forces of the Russian Navy have the following classes of ships:

Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser(TAKR) Project 11435 - 1 (“Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov”) as part of the Northern Fleet. The cruiser was put into operation in 1991. The main attack weapons of the aircraft carrier are 12 Granit anti-ship missile launchers and an air wing consisting of carrier-based training aircraft Su-25UTG and Su-33 fighters, as well as Ka-27 and K-29 helicopters. Currently, the air wing actually includes 10 Su-33 fighters. These aircraft lack strike capabilities; their task is long-range defense of an aircraft carrier group. After the planned large-scale modernization, the TAKR air wing will increase to 50 aircraft, of which 26 are MiG-29K or Su-27K fighters. It is also planned to replace the current unreliable boiler-turbine power plant with a gas turbine or nuclear one.

Heavy nuclear missile cruisers(TARK) Project 1144 “Orlan” - 4. These are the largest and most powerful non-aircraft-carrying attack ships in the world. Their main armament is 20 Granit anti-ship missile launchers. At the moment, the Russian Navy has only one combat-ready cruiser of this project - “Peter the Great” in the Northern Fleet. The rest - “Kirov”, “Admiral Lazarev”, “Admiral Nakhimov” - for various reasons were not operational and were in storage for a long time. Currently, work has begun on their repair and modernization. Commissioning of these ships is planned in 2018-2020.

Missile cruisers Project 1164 "Atlant" - 3, of which one ("Marshal Ustinov") is under repair until 2015. The main armament is 8x2 anti-ship missile launchers P-1000 "Vulcan". There are two cruisers of this type in service - the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet GRKR "Moscow" and the flagship of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy RKR "Varyag".

All of the cruisers described above have extremely high striking power. They are intended primarily to strike large enemy surface ships, provide air defense and combat stability of naval groups, and fire support for landing forces. By the way, Project 1164 cruisers are sometimes called “aircraft carrier killers,” but this is an exaggeration. The P-1000 supersonic anti-ship missiles really have no analogues in the world, and a hit from several of these missiles can send an aircraft carrier to the bottom, but the problem is that the range of American carrier-based aircraft is much greater than the flight range of Russian (and any other) anti-ship missiles .

Large anti-submarine ships (LAS) – 9. This is a specific class of ships in the Soviet and Russian fleets. In Western fleets, these ships could be classified as destroyers. Currently, the Russian Navy has 7 BOD Project 1155 "Fregat", 1 BOD 1155.1 and 1 - 1134B. As the name suggests, BODs are primarily designed for anti-submarine warfare. The priority armament is anti-submarine, including Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters. Guided missile weapons are represented by air defense systems. There are no anti-ship missile weapons. True, information recently appeared in the media that BOD Project 1155 will be modernized. The modernization of the BOD will include equipping it with modern A-192 cannons, Caliber missiles and the latest air defense and missile defense system with S-400 Redut missiles. To control the new weapons, the ship's electronics will also be replaced. Thus, BODs will gain versatility and, in terms of their combat capabilities, will actually be equal to destroyers.

During the modernization, one of the BOD Project 1155 “Smetlivy” was converted into a TFR for the far sea zone.

Destroyers (DES) Project 956 “Sarych”, there are 7 in the fleet, another one is undergoing repairs and modernization. Currently, Project 956 destroyers are obsolete and cannot compete with American Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. The advantage of American destroyers is their versatility (their Mk 41 launcher houses the entire range of anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles) and the presence of the Aegis system. The Russian fleet has nothing like this yet. It must be admitted that while in other countries (USA, Japan) destroyers are the “backbone” of military fleets, in the Russian Navy they are represented extremely insignificantly. We can talk about the imbalance of the Russian fleet in this regard. However, at present, the requirements for a promising destroyer of the Russian Navy have been formulated and its development is underway.

Corvettes Project 20380 “Guarding” – 3 (5 more are under construction). These are the latest multi-purpose ships of the 2nd rank in the near sea zone. They carry balanced weapons: anti-ship missiles (2x4 Uran anti-ship missile systems), artillery (1x100 mm A-190), anti-aircraft (4x8 Redut air defense systems, 2x6 30-mm AU AK-630M), anti-submarine (2x4 330-mm TA) and aviation (1 Ka-27PL helicopter).

Patrol ships (TFR)- 4. Of these, Project 11540 "Yastreb" - 2, Project 1135 and 1135M - 2. Another 3 ships of Project 1135M are part of the Coast Guard of the FSB of Russia.

Missile ships (RK)– 2, project 11661 “Cheetah”. According to the NATO classification, these ships belong to the class of frigates; in Russia, until 2003, they were considered patrol ships, but they are distinguished from conventional TFR by incomparably more powerful weapons: 1x76-mm guns, two 30-mm automated guns (on the lead ship of the Tatarstan series "), torpedo tubes, RBU, anti-ship missile systems (on the ship "Tatarstan" - the Uran anti-ship missile system with X-35 missiles, on the "Dagestan" - the universal Kalibr-NK anti-ship missile system, which can be used to launch several types of high-precision cruise missiles missiles; "Dagestan" became the first ship of the Russian Navy to receive this complex), anti-aircraft weapons (on "Tatarstan" - "Osa-MA-2", on "Dagestan" air defense system "Broadsword").

Small anti-submarine ships– 28. These are mainly ships of projects 1124 and 1124M, built in the 1970s – 1980s. last century. The main armament is anti-submarine and torpedo; there are artillery, air defense systems and electronic warfare equipment.

Small rocket ships(MRK, according to the Western classification - corvettes) - 14 ships pr.1234.1 and 1234.7 "Gadfly". Ships of this series were built from 1967 to 1992. Despite their small size, MRKs have high striking power. The main strike weapons are 6 P-120 Malachite anti-ship missile launchers, or 4 P-20 Termit-E anti-ship missile launchers or 12 Oniks anti-ship missile launchers. The Russian Navy also has two latest-built river-sea class missiles, Project 21631 Buyan-M, armed with 1x8 Kalibr or Onyx anti-ship missiles, artillery and machine gun mounts, and a 30-mm anti-aircraft gun.

Large missile boats(RKA) – 28, various modifications of project 1241 “Molniya” (1241.1, 12411T, 12411RE, 1241.7). The boats are equipped with anti-ship weapons - 4 ZM80 Moskit missiles and 1x76-mm AK-176 AU, and electronic warfare equipment. Anti-aircraft weapons are purely symbolic - 1 Strela-3 or Igla MANPADS. At least one boat of this type received new anti-aircraft weapons during modernization: the Broadsword air defense system with the ability to install two quadruple anti-aircraft missile launchers.

Small artillery ships (MAK) – 4. This class includes one ship Project 12411 after modernization and 3 newest Russian river-sea class ships Project 21630 Buyan, armed with 1x8 anti-ship missiles "Caliber" or "Oniks", artillery and machine gun mounts, 30-mm anti-aircraft gun .

Artillery boats (AKA)– 6. Of these, Project 1204 “Shmel” - 3, and Project 1400M “Grif” - 3. Designed for operations on rivers and lakes, as well as in coastal shallow areas of the sea. Currently, 5 of the 6 AKAs in service are serving as part of the Caspian Flotilla. Project 1204 boats have armor and fairly powerful weapons: a 76-mm tank gun, a BM-14-7 rocket launcher, a 14.5-mm anti-aircraft machine gun mount and mine weapons. Project 1400M boats are intended for patrol and border service. Their armament is a 12.7 mm turret-mounted machine gun.

Sea minesweepers (MTSh)- 13, of which Project 12660 - 2, Project 266M and 266ME - 9, Project 02668 - 1, Project 1332 - 1. The main armament of sea minesweepers is anti-mine and anti-submarine. MTSh are designed for laying minefields, searching for, destroying sea mines and guiding ships through minefields. The minesweepers are equipped with contact, acoustic and electromagnetic trawls, as well as special mine detection sonar. For self-defense, minesweepers have artillery and missile weapons: 76-, 30-, 25-mm gun mounts, Strela-3 air defense systems, etc.

Basic minesweepers (BTSH)– 22, all ships – Project 1265 “Yakhont” 70s. the buildings.

Raid minesweepers (RTSH)– 23, of which Project 1258 – 4, Project 10750 – 8, Project 697TB – 2, Project 12592 – 4, radio-controlled river minebreakers Project 13000 – 5.

Large landing ships (LHDK)– 19. Of these, 15 are BDK Project 775, which are the basis of the Russian landing fleet. Each ship is designed to carry 225 paratroopers and 10 tanks. In addition to transporting troops, large landing craft are designed to provide fire support. For this purpose, the BDK Project 775 has an MS-73 “Groza” MLRS with a firing range of 21 km and two twin 57-mm AK-725 gun mounts. The ship's air defense consists of a 76-mm AK-176 gun mount and two six-barreled 30-mm AK-630 gun mounts. They can also be used for the ship's self-defense against light enemy surface forces. The remaining 4 large landing craft are represented by the older Project 1171 “Tapir”. Ships of this project can transport 300 paratroopers and 20 tanks or 45 armored personnel carriers. Their armament consists of 2 A-215 Grad-M MLRS and a twin 57-mm ZIF-31B artillery mount.

Small air-cushion landing craft (SADHC)– 2 ships pr.12322 “Bison”. These ships were created in the 80s. last century and still have no analogues in terms of carrying capacity in this class of vessels. Each ship can carry three tanks or 10 armored personnel carriers and 140 troops. The design of the ship allows it to move over land, swampy areas and land troops deep in enemy defenses. The ship's armament consists of 2 A-22 "Fire" launchers with 140-mm unguided rockets and two AK-630 gun mounts; For air defense, the ship has 8 Igla MANPADS.

Landing craft (LKA)– 23, of which 12 are project 1176 “Shark”, 9 are project 11770 “Chamois”, 1 are project 21820 “Dugong” and 1 are project 1206 “Squid”. Landing boats are designed for landing troops on unequipped coasts. Project 11770 and 21820 boats are the latest. When they move, the principle of an air cavity is used, which makes it possible to minimize water resistance and, due to this, reach a speed of more than 30 knots. The carrying capacity of boats pr. 11770 is 1 tank or up to 45 tons of cargo, boats pr. 21820 - 2 tanks or up to 140 tons of cargo.

Submarine forces

The main tasks of the submarine force are:

• defeating important enemy ground targets;
• search and destruction of enemy submarines, aircraft carriers and other surface ships, its landing forces, convoys, single transports (ships) at sea;
• reconnaissance, ensuring the guidance of their strike forces and issuing target designations to them;
• destruction of offshore oil and gas complexes, landing of special-purpose reconnaissance groups (detachments) on the enemy coast;
• laying mines and others.

Includes a strategic nuclear component (which is an integral part of Russia's nuclear triad) and general purpose forces.

Strategic submarine forces of the Russian Navy are designed to carry out combat duty with nuclear ballistic missiles on board and, if the command is received, to launch nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets. They include 14 nuclear-powered strategic missile submarines (SSBNs; sometimes also referred to as SSBNs, or “nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines”). The main part of the SSBN - 10 units. - concentrated on the Northern Fleet, another 3 SSBNs are part of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy.

True, not all of these ships are in combat-ready condition. Two ships of Project 941 "Akula" due to lack of ammunition (the R-39 ballistic missiles used on them have been removed from service) have been put into reserve and are planned for disposal. The lead ship of the same series, Dmitry Donskoy, was modernized in 2008 for the new Bulava missile system and after modernization received the designation 941UM.

Of the three submarines Project 667BDR "Kalmar" (all part of the Pacific Fleet), two are in service, one is undergoing repair and modernization. These submarines are equipped with R-29R intercontinental liquid ballistic missiles. Currently, the submarines of the Kalmar project are largely morally and physically obsolete and are planned for decommissioning.

SSBN pr.667BDRM "Dolphin" is still the main naval component of the strategic nuclear triad of the Russian Federation. The Russian Navy has seven submarines of this project, of which five are actually in service. The Ekaterinburg submarine is being restored after a severe fire that occurred on December 29, 2011. The BS-64 submarine is being converted into a carrier of deep-sea vehicles to perform special tasks, that is, it will no longer be used as a missile cruiser.

It should be noted that all of the above submarines were built in the USSR and belong to the third generation of SSBNs.

They should be replaced by fourth-generation SSBNs Project 955 “Borey”, armed with “Bulava” missiles, but to date the Russian Navy has received only the lead ship of this series, the “Yuri Dolgoruky”. The latter became the only strategic missile submarine built in Russia from the collapse of the Union to the present day. True, the current construction program for the Borei SSBN provides for the construction of 10 ships by 2020.

Thus, the Russian Navy currently has only nine SSBNs in combat-ready condition. True, if we consider that the US Navy has 14 SSBNs, we can talk about relative parity for ships of this class.

General Purpose Submarine Force include nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines, nuclear general purpose submarines, diesel-electric submarines, and special purpose nuclear and diesel submarines.

They have the following ship composition:

Nuclear submarines with cruise missiles (SSGN or APRC– nuclear submarine missile cruiser) – 8, Project 949A “Antey”. Of these, 5 are in service, 1 is under repair, 2 are in reserve. These submarines are armed with 24 supersonic anti-ship ZM-45 of the P-700 “Granit” complex and are intended, first of all, for unexpected strikes on enemy naval formations. They are considered, along with naval missile-carrying aircraft, one of the main means of countering AUGs of the US Navy. The secrecy of reaching the missile launch line and unprecedented striking power - more than that of any surface missile cruiser - give a formation of two SSGNs a real chance of destroying an aircraft carrier. At one time, an anti-aircraft division was created in the USSR Navy, which included 2 groups of 2 SSGNs and one submarine, Project 671RTM. The division successfully conducted a tactical exercise using a real AUG "America".

Multi-purpose nuclear submarines (SSN)– 19. Of these: Project 971 “Shchuka-B” - 11, Project 671RTMK – 4, Project 945 “Barracuda” – 2, Project 945A “Condor” – 2. The main task of the submarine is tracking strategic submarines and AUG of a potential enemy and their destruction in the event of the outbreak of war.

Submarines pr.971 "Shchuka-B" are the basis of the multi-purpose submarine forces of the Russian Navy. They are armed with a missile-torpedo system that allows the use of various types of ammunition: torpedoes, missile-torpedoes, underwater missiles, anti-submarine guided missiles (ASLM), cruise missiles S-10 grenades with nuclear warheads for attacks on AUG, high-precision cruise missiles for attacks on ground targets .

Project 945 Barracuda submarines are the first Soviet third-generation submarines, and Condor is a development of this project. Armament: torpedoes and missile-torpedoes. A distinctive feature of Project 945A is that the level of unmasking signs (noise and magnetic fields) is significantly reduced. This submarine was considered the quietest in the USSR Navy.

Project 671RTMK submarines are largely outdated and should be removed from service in the future. Currently, two of the four existing submarines of this type are combat-ready.

Diesel submarines (DPL)- 19, of which Project 877 "Halibut" - 16, Project 877EKM - 1, Project 641B "Som" - 1 (was under major repairs, at present the final fate of the boat - disposal or resumption of repairs - has not been determined), pr. .677 Lada – 1.

Project 877 submarines have extremely low noise levels and versatile weapons: torpedo tubes and Club-S missile systems. In the West, this submarine received the nickname “Black Hole” for its stealth.

The only submarine Project 641B “B-380” remaining in the fleet was undergoing major repairs for a long time; At present, the final fate of the boat - disposal or resumption of repairs - is not determined.

DPL pr.677 “Lada” is a development of the “Halibut” project. However, due to a number of technical shortcomings in 2011-2012. the project was sharply criticized by the command of the Russian Navy. In particular, the power plant turned out to be capable of developing no more than half of the power specified in the project. It was decided to finalize the project. Currently, the lead ship of the B-585 series “St. Petersburg” has been built and is in trial operation. After eliminating the shortcomings, construction of the series will likely continue.

Special purpose nuclear submarines (PLASN)– 9, of which Project 1851 – 1, 18511 – 2, Project 1910 – 3, Project 10831 – 1, Project 09787 – 1, Project 09786 – 1. All PLSN are part of the 29th brigade of nuclear submarines special purpose boats. The brigade's activities are strictly classified. It is known that PLSN are equipped with special equipment and are designed to carry out work at great depths and on the bottom of the World Ocean. The brigade is part of the Northern Fleet, but is directly subordinate to Main Directorate of Deep Sea Research ( GUGI) General Staff of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Special Purpose Diesel Submarine (PLSN)– 1, pr.20120 “Sarov”. Designed to test new types of weapons and military equipment. In 2012, the media reported that the Sarov submarine is equipped with an experimental hydrogen power plant, which, in case of successful tests, will be installed on the submarine pr.677.

In addition to warships, the Russian Navy includes auxiliary vessels of various types:

• intelligence : large nuclear-powered reconnaissance ship, large, medium and small reconnaissance ships, communications ships, air surveillance ship, underwater surveillance ships, search and rescue ship;
• rescue : rescue ships, fire-fighting and rescue boats, raid diving boats, rescue sea tugs, ship-lifting vessel, etc.
• transport : integrated supply ship, dry cargo and liquid vessels, sea ferries, combined arms self-propelled ferry;
• floating bases : submarines, technical and rocket technology;
• floating workshops ;
• hydrographic ships ;
• demagnetization, hydroacoustic and physical field control vessels .

Naval aviation

Includes airplanes and helicopters for various purposes. Main goals:

• search and destruction of combat forces of the enemy fleet, landing forces, convoys;
• covering their naval groups from air strikes;
• destruction of airplanes, helicopters and cruise missiles;
• conducting aerial reconnaissance;
• targeting enemy naval forces with their strike forces and issuing target designations to them;
• participation in mine laying, mine action, electronic warfare (EW), transportation and landing, search and rescue operations at sea. Naval aviation operates both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the fleet or formations of other branches of the Armed Forces.

Naval aviation is divided into deck-based and shore-based aviation. Until 2011, the naval aviation of the Russian Navy included: missile-carrying, attack, fighter, anti-submarine, search and rescue, transport and special aviation. After the military reform of 2011, the state and prospects of naval aviation are vague. According to available information, its organizational structure currently includes 7 air bases and the 279th naval air regiment assigned to the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier.

About 300 aircraft remain in naval aviation. Of them:

• 24 Su-24M/MR,
• 21 Su-33 (in flight condition no more than 12),
• 16 Tu-142 (in flight condition no more than 10),
• 4 Su-25 UTG (279th naval aviation regiment),
• 16 Il-38 (in flight condition no more than 10),
• 7 Be-12 (mainly for the Black Sea Fleet, will be decommissioned in the near future),
• 95 Ka-27 (no more than 70 operational),
• 10 Ka-29 (assigned to the Marines),
• 16 Mi-8,
• 11 An-12 (several in reconnaissance and electronic warfare versions),
• 47 An-24 and An-26,
• 8 An-72,
• 5 Tu-134,
• 2 Tu-154,
• 2 IL-18,
• 1 IL-22,
• 1 IL-20,
• 4 Tu-134UBL.

Of these, no more than 43% of the total number are technically serviceable and capable of performing combat missions in full.

Before the reform, the Navy aviation had two fighter regiments, the 698th OGIAP with Su-27 fighters and the 865th IAP with MiG-31 fighters. They are currently transferred to the Air Force.

Attack and naval missile-carrying aircraft (Tu-22M3) were eliminated. The latter looks more than strange, given that the MRA has long been considered one of the main and most effective means of combating the AUG of a potential enemy near our maritime borders. In 2011, all Tu-22M3 missile-carrying bombers of naval missile-carrying aviation, consisting of three squadrons, were hastily transferred to the Air Force Long-Range Aviation. Thus, all Tu-22M3 missile carriers are now concentrated in the Air Force, and the Navy has lost an important part of its combat potential.

Apparently, this decision was dictated not so much by military considerations as by the realities of today. Due to long-term catastrophic underfunding, combat training of naval aviation pilots was carried out at a more than modest level; only one 1/3 of the crews could be considered combat ready; Tu-22M3 aircraft have not been modernized for a long time. In fact, in the 1990s and early 2000s, only those who learned it in Soviet times could fly in naval aviation. At the same time, the combat effectiveness of Long-Range Aviation in modern Russia continues to be at least somehow maintained. The missile carriers were transferred to places where they are still able to service them and can fly them. In addition, the collection of all Tu-22M3 aircraft in one structure, in theory, should reduce the cost of their maintenance. Currently, out of 150 aircraft of this type available to Russia, only 40 are combat-ready. It is reported that thirty Tu-22M3 will undergo a deep modernization with the replacement of all electronics and will receive a new high-precision missile X-32.

The rest of the Tu-22M3 are in non-flying condition for various reasons and are “mothballed.” Judging by the photos, the condition of these far from old cars is not very good. If we talk about completing such a task as the destruction of at least one Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, then this will require at least 30 Tu-22M3, that is, almost all available combat-ready vehicles. If you divide 40 missile carriers between two structures, it turns out that the fight against AUG is beyond the capabilities of the missile-carrying units of either of them.

In general, after the reform, naval aviation was deprived of most of its striking power, and is currently concentrating on the tasks of anti-submarine defense (ASW), patrol and search and rescue operations, while maintaining a single regiment of ship-based fighters and limited capabilities in its structure. carrying out strike missions from ground airfields.

The patrols carried out by Il-38 and Tu-142M3/MK aircraft in the Pacific region and the Arctic are a demonstration of military presence and have important political significance. Due to Russia's serious political and economic interests in the Arctic, maritime patrol aircraft monitor ice conditions and the movements of foreign ships in this region.

Another important function of naval aviation is anti-submarine warfare. It is also carried out by Il-38 and Tu-142M3/MK aircraft. The anti-submarine function in peacetime includes "offensive" and "defensive" combat patrols. The first includes monitoring the areas of possible presence of SSBNs of a potential enemy, primarily American submarines. In the second case, Russian anti-submarine aviation covers the probable patrol areas of its strategic missile carriers, monitoring the activity of enemy submarines that may pose a threat to Russian SSBNs when they are on combat duty.

The Russian Navy also has specialized Ka-27PL anti-submarine helicopters. These are reliable machines that still have a significant service life, just like the Ka-27PS search and rescue helicopters. The Black Sea Fleet has 8 Mi-8 helicopters equipped with electronic warfare equipment.

Coastal strike aviation of the Russian Navy is represented by the only 43rd naval attack squadron of the Black Sea Fleet, consisting of 18 Su-24 front-line bombers and 4 Su-24MR reconnaissance aircraft. It is based in Crimea at the Gvardeyskoye airfield. The squadron was not transferred to the Air Force because this could not be done without international complications.

Also equipped with the Su-24, the 4th Separate Marine Attack Aviation Regiment (OMSHAP), based in Chernyakhovsk (Kaliningrad region), became the 7052nd air base in 2009, but was transferred to the Air Force in March 2011.

The Navy's transport aviation has at its disposal the An-12, An-24 aircraft and one An-72 short take-off and landing aircraft.

The Black Sea Fleet has three or four Be-12PS turboprop amphibians, which are mainly used for search and rescue and patrol operations. These machines are significantly outdated and have expired.

Moral and physical obsolescence of the flight fleet is a serious problem for the Russian Navy aviation. So far, it has only been partially resolved. Thus, new Ka-52K helicopters will be purchased for the acquired Mistral UDC, Ka-31 AWACS helicopters and MiG-29K carrier-based fighters for the Kuznetsov aircraft carrier. The Su-33 fighter jets are also being modernized.

The training of naval aviation pilots of the Russian Navy is carried out by the 859th Naval Aviation Training Center in Yeisk on the Sea of ​​Azov. It carries out both retraining of pilots for new types of aircraft and training of ground personnel.

To train carrier-based aviation pilots of the Russian Navy, the unique NITKA training ground, located in Crimea and owned by the Ukrainian Navy, is used. In 2008-2010 Due to international complications caused by the “Five Day War” with Georgia, the Russians were deprived of the opportunity to conduct training at the complex. Accordingly, for three years, the training of young pilots of the 279th naval aviation regiment was greatly hampered, since pilots are allowed to fly from the deck of the Kuznetsov aircraft carrier only after successful training at NITKA. In 2013, Russia refused to use the Ukrainian THREAD, as it was actively building its own, more advanced THREAD in Yeisk. In July 2013, the first test flights of the Su-25UTG and MiG-29KUB aircraft were successfully carried out on it.

Coastal troops

Designed for the defense of the coast, bases and other ground facilities and participation in amphibious assaults. Includes coastal missile and artillery troops and marine infantry.

Coastal missile and artillery forces of the Russian Navy include:

• 2 separate coastal missile regiments;
• 1 Guards Missile Brigade;
• 3 separate coastal missile and artillery brigades;
• 3 anti-aircraft missile regiments;
• 2 electronic warfare regiments;
• 2 motorized rifle brigades;
• 1 motorized rifle regiment;
• separate naval road engineering battalion;
• communication nodes.

The basis of the firepower of the Coastal Forces of the Russian Navy is the Redut, Rubezh, Bal-E, Club-M, K-300P Bastion-P anti-ship missile systems, and the A-222 Bereg self-propelled artillery system. There are also standard samples of artillery weapons and military equipment of the ground forces: 122-mm 9K51 Grad MLRS, 152-mm 2A65 Msta-B howitzers, 152-mm 2S5 Giatsint self-propelled guns, 152-mm 2A36 Giatsint- towed guns B", 152-mm D-20 howitzer guns, 122-mm D-30 howitzers, up to 500 T-80, T-72 and T-64 tanks, more than 200 BTR-70 and BTR-80 armored personnel carriers.

Marine Corps includes:

• 3 MP brigades;
• 2 MP regiments;
• two separate MP battalions.

The Marines are armed with T-80, T-72 and PT-76 tanks, BMP-2 and BMP-3F infantry fighting vehicles, BTR-80, BTR-70 and MTLB armored personnel carriers, Nona-S and Nona-SVK artillery mounts "on the floating chassis of the armored personnel carrier and "Gvozdika". Currently, a new tracked infantry fighting vehicle is being developed specifically for the fleet.

The Marine Corps of the Russian Navy is considered a special elite branch of the fleet, however, unlike the US Marine Corps, which is, in fact, a full-fledged army, the Russian Marine Corps can only solve tasks of a tactical nature.

In addition to the indicated coastal forces, the Russian Navy includes separate maritime reconnaissance points () and detachments for combating underwater sabotage forces and means (OB PDSS).

OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC ASSOCIATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The operational-strategic formations of the Russian Navy are:

Baltic Fleet with headquarters in Kaliningrad. Ship composition: 3 diesel submarines, 2 destroyers, 3 corvettes, 2 patrol ships, 4 small missile ships, 7 small anti-submarine ships, 7 missile boats, 5 base minesweepers, 14 raid minesweepers, 4 large landing ships, 2 small landing ships VP, 6 landing boats. Total: submarines - 3, surface ships - 56.

Northern Fleet with headquarters in Severomorsk. Ship composition: 10 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, 3 nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines, 14 attack nuclear-powered submarines, 9 nuclear-powered special-purpose submarines, 1 diesel-powered special-purpose submarine, 6 diesel-powered submarines, 1 heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser, 2 heavy nuclear-powered submarines missile cruisers, 1 missile cruiser, 5 BOD, 1 destroyer, 3 small missile ships, 1 gun boat, 6 small anti-submarine ships, 4 sea minesweepers, 6 base minesweepers, 1 raid minesweeper, 4 large landing ships, 4 landing boats. Total: submarines - 43, surface ships - 39.

Black Sea Fleet with headquarters in Sevastopol. Ship composition: 2 diesel submarines, 1 missile cruiser, 2 BOD, 3 SKR, 7 MPK, 4 MRK, 5 missile boats, 7 sea minesweepers, 2 base minesweepers, 2 raid minesweepers, 7 large landing ships, 2 landing boats. Total: submarines - 2, surface ships - 41.

Pacific Fleet with headquarters in Vladivostok. Ship composition: 3 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, 5 nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines, 5 multi-purpose nuclear submarines, 8 diesel submarines, 1 heavy nuclear-powered missile cruiser, 1 missile cruiser, 4 large anti-submarine ships, 3 destroyers, 8 small anti-submarine ships, 4 small missile ships, 11 missile boats, 2 sea minesweepers, 7 base minesweepers, 1 raid minesweeper, 4 large landing ships, 4 landing boats. Total: submarines - 21, surface ships - 50.

Caspian flotilla with headquarters in Astrakhan. Ship composition: 2 patrol ships, 4 small artillery ships, 5 missile boats, 5 artillery boats, 2 base minesweepers, 5 raid minesweepers, 7 landing boats. Total: surface ships - 28.

The Northern and Pacific fleets are full-fledged ocean-going fleets. Their ships can conduct all types of naval operations in the far ocean zone. Only these two fleets of the Russian Navy have submarines and SSBNs. All Russian missile cruisers are also concentrated here except the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet, the RKR Moskva.

The Baltic and Black Sea fleets are predominantly maritime fleets. Their ships can also enter the World Ocean, but only in global peace, to carry out expeditionary operations against an obviously weaker enemy.

GENERAL ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

Russia has the longest maritime borders in the world - 43 thousand km, and therefore the importance of the Navy for it is very great. At the same time, no country in the world has such an inconvenient strategic location of access to the sea. All fleets of the Russian Navy are isolated from each other, and in the event of a war in one of the directions, the transfer of forces from others is extremely difficult.

The peak of the power of the USSR Navy occurred in the 80s of the last century. According to Western experts of that time, a formation of three AUGs of the US Navy, in the event of the outbreak of hostilities in the area of ​​responsibility of the Northern Fleet of the USSR Navy, most likely would have lasted no longer than a day.

With the collapse of the USSR, the rapid degradation of the fleet began. According to some estimates, compared to the USSR in the 80s, Russia has lost up to 80% of its naval power. Nevertheless, in the world ranking of fleets in terms of combat power, the Russian fleet still ranks second (after the American one), and in terms of the number of ships - sixth.

According to some estimates, the Russian Navy is inferior in combat capabilities to the US Navy by more than one and a half times. The advantage of the Americans is in the number of nuclear submarines, the number and quality of guided missile destroyers and, of course, the presence of 11 nuclear aircraft carriers in the fleet. However, recently there has been a trend towards a revival of the Russian fleet, while the US is at the peak of its naval power, which is likely to decline in the future.

The basis of the combat strength of the Russian navy are Soviet-built ships. At the same time, in recent years there has been active construction of new ships.

First of all, there is a desire to increase the capabilities of the Russian Navy in the near sea zone. This is necessary to protect the country’s economic interests on the continental shelf, and at the same time is not as ruinous as the construction of large warships in the far ocean zone. The surface ships under construction and planned for construction are: 8 frigates of the far sea zone, project 22350, 6 frigates of the far sea zone, project 11356, 35 corvettes (ships of the near sea zone), of which at least 20 ships of project 20380 and 20385, 5- 10 small missile ships Project 21631, four Mistral helicopter carriers, at least 20 small landing ships Dugong and a series of base minesweepers Project 12700 Alexandrite. Of course, these ships are not intended to compete with the United States for supremacy at sea. Rather, they are suitable for opposing lower-ranking fleets, such as the Swedish or Norwegian, in the struggle for Arctic resources, or participating in international missions, for example, against Somali pirates.

At the same time, attention is paid to updating the strategic submarine forces. Three SSBNs Project 955 “Borey” are being built. In total, eight of them should be built. As for general-purpose submarine forces, first of all, it should be noted the construction of eight new fourth-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarines, Project 885 Yasen, for the Russian Navy. Also, 6 diesel submarines Project 636.3 “Varshavyanka” will be built, which are a further development of the submarines Project 877EKM.

In recent years, the media has been discussing the creation of a Russian nuclear-powered aircraft carrier similar to the Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. According to some reports, it is planned to create up to five AUGs in the Russian Navy. Currently, the domestic aircraft carrier is at the design stage. The problem is that some technologies available to the Americans are simply not available in Russia, in particular, the electromagnetic catapult that will be equipped with the newest American aircraft carriers of the Gerald Ford series. In addition, the aircraft carrier needs modern escort ships designed to operate as part of the AUG. Among them, an important role is played by destroyers, which are now practically absent from the Russian Navy. Approximately, the commissioning of the first domestic aircraft carrier is planned for 2023, but, apparently, this is still the most optimistic time frame.

(© www.site; When copying an article or part of it, an active link to the source is required)

Name

There are two spelling options for the name of the fleet:

• The first option is recommended by specialists of the Internet portal Gramota.ru, with reference to the “Quick Guide to the Formulation of Acts of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation”, as corresponding to the norms of official speech. These same experts, however, recognize the linguistic correctness of the second option.
• The second option corresponds to the rules of Russian spelling and is confirmed by standard dictionaries of the Russian language.

Navy
Emblem Navy Naval flag Russia
Years of existence	October 1696 (as the Russian fleet), January 1992 (as Navy Russian Federation) - present
A country
Subordination
Participation in	First Chechen war Second Chechen War, Armed conflict in South Ossetia (2008), Fight against Somali pirates Russian military operation in Syria
Commanders
Acting commander	Shortly before this, Russian Ministry of Defence made an order for the development of a combat vehicle on tracks, which will be created exclusively for the fleet. It is planned that new naval infantry fighting vehicles will appear in 2015-2016. At the second stage of the development of coastal forces, it is planned to create and adopt a highly mobile amphibious combat vehicle to support the actions of the Marine Corps in any regions and climatic conditions, including in the Arctic zone, the creation of robotic combat platforms for the Marine Corps, armed with weapons based on new physical principles using various energy sources for engine operation. Naval Aviation UAV and UAV UAVs for the Navy are being developed by the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC). First of all, these are helicopter-type UAVs Ka-37S, Ka-135 and Ka-117. One of the main tasks facing naval helicopters in the near future will be radar patrol. The issue of illuminating the air situation beyond the radio visibility horizon of shipborne assets is a matter of paramount importance both for the purposes of air defense of naval groups and for their strike functions. Unmanned vehicles will also be used in the underwater environment. Tasks such as searching and destroying sea mines, conducting anti-submarine and anti-sabotage warfare, protecting submarines and surface ships from underwater attack, reconnaissance of a wide variety of targets at sea - all this is gradually becoming the task of remote-controlled and autonomous vehicles. Helicopters In the fall of 2011, in the Barents Sea, the Ka-52 practiced landing on the deck of a ship for two weeks. Tests included, among other things, landing the Ka-52 on the deck of the Admiral Kuznetsov TAVKR. At the beginning of 2012, the modernization of ten Ka-29 transport and combat helicopters, intended for deployment on Russian Mistrals, began. The vehicle's onboard equipment and weapon systems will be upgraded to modern standards. On June 22, 2012, a Ka-31 shipborne radar patrol helicopter with tail number “90 red” arrived at the Center for Combat Use and Training of Flight Personnel of the Russian Navy Aviation in Yeisk. Presumably, this is the first production Ka-31 helicopter built for the Russian Navy. In August 2012, production of the first prototypes of the Ka-52K helicopter for the Mistral universal helicopter carrier began. Until the Mistrals arrive from France to Russia, the tasks of taking off and landing helicopters on deck, as a year earlier, are planned to be practiced on the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov. In September 2012, it became known that in total the number of Ka-52Ks per Mistral would be at least 14 vehicles. The same will be done with the Ka-29 and Ka-27 helicopters. By 2014, the Russian Navy will adopt a naval version of the Ka-62 Kasatka helicopter. The helicopters will be placed on small ships, in particular project 20380 corvettes Aircraft In the period from 2013 to 2015, RSK MiG must transfer 20 single-seat MiG-29K aircraft and four double-seat MiG-29KUB aircraft to the Russian Navy. The aircraft will be part of a separate naval fighter aviation regiment of the Russian Northern Fleet and will be based on the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov. The Russian military should receive the first four MiG-29K/KUB aircraft in 2013. The MiG-29K/KUB fighters will replace the Su-33 currently in service, which will reach the end of its service life in 2015, but there is an intention to extend the service life of the heavy carrier-based Su-33 fighters for at least five years, possibly even until 2025. The IL-38N will expand the range of tasks it can perform and will become indispensable for naval aviation. Now only anti-submarine and rescue aircraft remain in the fleet. They began to bring it up to modern requirements. In December 2013, the Ministry of Defense entered into a contract with the Irkut Corporation for the supply of five Su-30SM fighters and five Yak-130 combat trainers. In total, in the interests of the Navy, it is planned to order 50 Su-30SM and about a dozen Yak-130 in the near future. Aircraft carriers After many years of debate about whether the fleet needs a large ship with airplanes or whether it can get by with nuclear submarines and cruisers, Russian admirals chose the “American” fleet model - ship groups with an aircraft carrier in the center. This arrangement, they believe, will expand the zone of influence of the Russian fleet and the range of fighter aircraft to the Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic. It was also decided that at the first stage two aircraft carrier groups will be created - one each in the Pacific and Northern fleets. Russia still does not have the key technologies of a full-fledged aircraft carrier, for example, an aircraft catapult, although back in the USSR, during the implementation of Project 1143.7 Ulyanovsk, the ship was equipped with two Mayak steam catapults, created at the Proletarsky plant. The only operational heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser is the Admiral Kuznetsov. , which became part of the Northern Fleet in January 1991, is equipped with a take-off springboard instead of a catapult. It has already been decided that the aircraft carrier will be nuclear-powered. The diesel option was rejected due to the need for a large amount of fuel, which would have to be carried on a tanker. It has also already been determined that the new Russian aircraft carrier will be built at two different shipyards on a modular basis, and modules manufactured independently of each other are planned to be assembled at the largest Russian shipbuilding plant Sevmashpredpriyatie (Sevmash). In addition to the Sevmash enterprise, in the future it is possible to build an aircraft carrier on the main infrastructure project of OJSC USC, as part of the creation of a shipbuilding cluster in St. Petersburg on the island of Kotlin called “New Admiralty Shipyards”. Completion of the first stage is scheduled for 2014, the second stage - in 2015, the third - in 2016. The Russian Navy is completing the formation of technical specifications for a new aircraft carrier. Its initial appearance will be determined in 2013, and the final design of the ship should be ready by 2017. USC President Roman Trotsenko previously stated that in this case the first ship is expected to be launched in 2023. By this time, the Navy should complete the formation of an escort group for each aircraft carrier, which will consist of missile cruisers, destroyers, attack submarines, frigates, corvettes, landing ships and support vessels, including icebreakers for the Arctic zone - a total of about 15 ships each. Simultaneously with the construction of aircraft carriers, the military will create new bases to support them. In addition, to train an aviation group that will reach 100 aircraft, the Ministry of Defense will build a ground-based deck landing simulator in the city of Yeisk in the Krasnodar Territory, and will also continue to use the NITKA ground test complex in the Crimean city of Saki. On November 26, 2012, the Izvestia newspaper reported that by the end of the year the Main Command of the Navy would send for revision the design of the first Russian nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, developed jointly by the St. Petersburg enterprises of the Krylov Central Research Institute and the Nevsky Design Bureau. The design of the ship with an estimated displacement of 60 thousand tons is based on technology from the 1980s. The Navy was offered essentially the old Soviet aircraft carrier Ulyanovsk, which was never built due to the collapse of the USSR. In the late 1980s, it was a modern aircraft carrier, a worthy answer to the American Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. By 2020, when the first Russian aircraft carrier is scheduled to go to sea, USA will already have the latest floating airfields of the Gerald Ford series, which are almost twice the size of the ship proposed by the St. Petersburg designers. In addition, the Russian Navy is not satisfied with the ship’s overly large superstructure, which makes it too visible to enemy radars, as well as the lack of an electromagnetic catapult, which the Americans already have and which greatly simplifies the takeoff of aircraft from the deck. In addition, the hangar deck cannot accommodate an early warning aircraft (AWACS), an essential component of a modern carrier squadron. Home systems Promising basing systems will be created in the Kamchatka and Primorsky territories. There will be a single integrated basing system for nuclear submarines, landing helicopter ships and other large-displacement surface ships, and a basing system will also be created for the Black Sea Fleet in the Novorossiysk area. In addition, work is underway to update basing systems in the Kaliningrad region and the Caspian region. At the international level, the creation of logistics support centers for the Russian Navy in Cuba, the Seychelles and Vietnam is being discussed. On May 22, 2012, it became known that a set of works was being carried out to modernize the military harbor of Baltiysk: dredging work was being carried out to ensure the basing of ships and submarines in the future. The development of the infrastructure of the Baltic Fleet will continue: the construction of military camps, the modernization of the Chkalovsk airfield and the Baltiysk military harbor. Work to improve the basing system and coastal infrastructure is already underway. On July 10, 2012, it became known that the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Central Design Association" under Spetsstroy of Russia, commissioned by the Russian Ministry of Defense, developed a project for the reconstruction of berths with a total length of 3 kilometers at the Navy base in the city of Baltiysk, Kaliningrad region, according to a press release from the enterprise. “The port was built during the Second World War to house German ships and has never been renovated since then.” The scope of reconstruction work includes deepening the bottom of the water area, reconstruction of the berth front with the laying of modern utility networks, as well as new construction to support ships. The project is being implemented in two stages; working documentation is currently being prepared. Work on the construction of a unified integrated system for basing nuclear submarines (NPS) and new large surface ships, including Mistral-class helicopter carriers, is being carried out in the Murmansk region, Kamchatka and Primorye. On the territory of the Murmansk region, Kamchatka and Primorsky territories, the shock core of the Russian Navy, consisting of Borei and Yasen-class nuclear submarines, corvettes and frigates, with a single basing system, but did not mention helicopter carriers. Commander-in-Chief of the Navy vice admiral Viktor Chirkov also reported earlier that this year preparations have been intensified for the large-scale construction of a new naval basing system until 2020. The Russian Federation will create a number of facilities in the Arctic along the Northern Sea Route for basing warships of the Navy and the Border Guard Service. Construction of the first stage of the Novorossiysk Naval Base (NVMB) will be completed by the end of 2013. These facilities are designed for large warships with a low draft, and this will allow the long-awaited relocation of the Black Sea Fleet from Crimea to Novorossiysk to begin. The first to arrive at the new base will be the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet - the Guards missile cruiser " Moscow ». In Vladivostok, a new berthing front has actually been created, providing mooring and basing for ten ships of various classes, including promising ones, which are not yet included in the fleet. Navy. The new coastal infrastructure provides the basing of ships from the third to the first rank: patrol ships, corvettes, frigates, destroyers and missile cruisers with the possibility of new generation ships entering the fleet, with the exception of Mistral-class helicopter carriers. All communications providing parking and basing of ships have been replaced. Through these communications, electricity, water and steam are transmitted from shore to ships. In addition, the new “berth front” has a so-called “storm system” to drain water from the berths in case of heavy rainfall. The engineering service of the Pacific Fleet (PF), together with the Spetsstroy of Russia enterprise, is preparing for the design and construction of hydraulic structures that are designed to ensure the basing of Mistral-class ships in the port of Vladivostok. The berths located in the center of Vladivostok have undergone deep modernization with shore strengthening. The most modern complex of berthing facilities of the Pacific Fleet is capable of receiving not only all existing types of ships, but also those that should enter service before 2020. During the reconstruction, specialists from one of the branches of Spetsstroy Rossii actually created a new “berth front”, replaced all communications that ensure the parking and basing of ships in accordance with modern requirements, and created a stormwater system for draining water from the berths. As a result of the modernization, the safety of ship moorings was improved, regardless of hydrometeorological conditions. On March 18, 2013, retired Lebanese Armed Forces Brigadier General Amin Hotei said in an interview with Turkish Radio that: The visit of Russian warships to Beirut to replenish supplies and fuel should not become a common occurrence. Previously, Russian ships were sent to Tartus without calling at Lebanese ports. One of the reasons for the current visit to Beirut may be that Lebanon could turn into a new center for a Russian strategic military base in the region. In light of current events in Tartus, the port of Beirut has become a safer anchorage for Russian ships. Flags ships and vessels of the Russian Navy Flag Jack Warship pennant Flags officials of the Russian Navy Educational institutions of the Russian Navy Ask a Question Show all reviews 0

The Navy (Navy) is a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is intended for the armed protection of Russian interests and for conducting combat operations in the sea and ocean theaters of war. The Navy is capable of delivering nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups at sea and bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transport, assisting ground forces in operations in continental theaters of war, landing amphibious assault forces, and participating in repelling landing forces. enemy and perform other tasks. Emblem of the Navy of the Russian Federation

The structure of the Navy The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the Northern Pacific Baltic Black Sea Caspian Flotilla And includes types of forces: Submarine forces Surface forces Naval aviation Coastal forces (motorized rifle, tank formations and units, marine infantry and coastal missile and artillery troops) Units and support units service

Northern Fleet (SF) The Northern Fleet (SF) is the operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy. The basis of the modern Northern Fleet is made up of nuclear missile and torpedo submarines, missile-carrying and anti-submarine aircraft, missile, aircraft-carrying and anti-submarine ships. Sleeve insignia of sailors of the Northern Fleet Commander of the Northern Fleet, Vice Admiral Maksimov Nikolai Mikhailovich.

Pacific Fleet (PF) The Pacific Fleet (PF) is the operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy. The Russian Pacific Fleet, as an integral part of the Navy and the Russian Armed Forces as a whole, is a means of ensuring Russia's military security in the Asia-Pacific region. To carry out its tasks, the Pacific Fleet includes strategic missile submarines, multi-purpose nuclear and diesel submarines, surface ships for operations in the ocean and near sea zones, naval missile-carrying, anti-submarine and fighter aircraft, ground forces, units of ground and coastal forces . The main tasks of the Russian Pacific Fleet at present are: maintaining naval strategic nuclear forces in constant readiness in the interests of nuclear deterrence; protection of the economic zone and areas of production activity, suppression of illegal production activities; ensuring navigation safety; carrying out foreign policy actions of the government in economically important areas of the World Ocean (visits, business visits, joint exercises, actions as part of peacekeeping forces, etc.)

The main tasks of the Russian Pacific Fleet at present are: maintaining naval strategic nuclear forces in constant readiness in the interests of nuclear deterrence; protection of the economic zone and areas of production activity, suppression of illegal production activities; ensuring navigation safety; carrying out foreign policy actions of the government in economically important areas of the World Ocean (visits, business visits, joint exercises, actions as part of peacekeeping forces, etc.) Commander of the Pacific Fleet, Vice Admiral Sidenko Konstantin Semenovich

Black Sea Fleet (BSF) The Black Sea Fleet (BSF) is the operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy in the Black Sea. The main base is Sevastopol. Sleeve insignia of sailors of the Black Sea Fleet Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Vice Admiral Kletskov Alexander Dmitrievich

Long-distance voyage of the large landing ship "Caesar Kunikov" to the French port of Cannes GRKR "Moscow" as part of the naval strike group of the Northern Fleet

Baltic Fleet The Baltic Fleet is the operational and strategic association of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea. The main bases are Baltiysk (Kaliningrad region) and Kronstadt (Leningrad region). It includes a division of surface ships, a brigade of diesel submarines, formations of auxiliary and search and rescue vessels, naval air forces, coastal troops, and units of rear technical and special support. Sleeve insignia of sailors of the Baltic Fleet Commander of the Baltic Fleet Vice Admiral Viktor Viktorovich Chirkov

Small artillery ship "Astrakhan"

Military equipment and weapons of the Navy Submarine forces are the strike force of the fleet, capable of covertly and quickly deploying in the right directions and delivering unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. They are based on nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads (naval nuclear deterrent forces - NSNF). These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons. Project 667BDRM strategic nuclear submarine cruiser

Surface forces are the main ones for ensuring the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and returning to bases, transporting and covering landing forces. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, combating mine danger and protecting their communications. Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of the Admiral Kuznetsov project

Naval aviation consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal aviation. Strategic and tactical aviation is designed to combat groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to carry out bombing and missile attacks on enemy coastal targets. Carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks from low-flying enemy aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for Marine landings and destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats. Su-33
Coastal fleet forces are available in every fleet - Northern, Baltic, Black Sea and Pacific. In addition to BRAV and MP, they each include one coastal defense division. Coastal defense troops, as a branch of the Navy, are designed to protect naval bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrows from attacks by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). To ensure defense by troops on the coast, coastal fortifications are created.

The purpose and nature of the activities of the Navy require the presence in its composition of various types of forces capable of solving both offensive and defensive tasks in remote and coastal areas.

The Navy consists of two components: maritime strategic nuclear forces (NSNF), general purpose maritime forces (MPF), as well as support forces, special forces and fleet services.

The Navy includes four branches of forces: submarine forces; surface forces; naval aviation; Coastal troops of the Navy.

A branch of force is an integral part of a branch of the Armed Forces, including units and formations that have their own combat assets, weapons and equipment. Each type of force has its own characteristic combat properties, uses its own tactics and is intended to solve operational, tactical, operational-tactical tasks. Branches of forces, as a rule, operate in a certain geographical environment and are capable of conducting combat operations independently and jointly with other branches of forces.

In modern conditions, the main branches of the Navy, capable of most successfully solving the main offensive missions of the fleet using conventional and nuclear missile weapons, are submarine forces and naval aviation.

Naval strategic nuclear forces are an integral part of the country's strategic nuclear forces. They are represented by strategic missile submarines (rplSN) and are used in the operations of strategic nuclear forces according to the plan of the Supreme High Command.

General-purpose naval forces include all branches of the Navy and are used to solve operational and tactical tasks and conduct systematic combat operations.

Coastal troops, as a branch of the Navy, unites formations and units of the Marine Corps, coastal missile and artillery troops (BRAV), and in certain regions of the Russian Federation, groups of coastal troops (coastal defense troops).

Support forces, special troops and naval services include naval air defense forces, formations and units of special troops and services (intelligence, naval engineering, chemical, communications, radio engineering, electronic warfare, missile technology, technical support, search and rescue, hydrographic), formations, units and institutions of the rear. The composition of the Russian Navy is shown in Fig. 2.

Organizationally, the Navy of the Russian Federation consists of associations, naval bases, individual formations, units and institutions.

The Russian Navy is headed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, who is one of the Deputy Ministers of Defense. The highest body of the Navy - the Main Headquarters of the Navy and the Directorate of the Navy - is subordinate to him.

A formation is a large organizational formation consisting of formations and units of various branches of the Navy, capable of independently or in cooperation with other types of armed forces solving operational (sometimes strategic) tasks. Depending on the composition and scale of the tasks of the association, they can be operational-strategic, operational and operational-tactical.

The regionally deployed operational-strategic formations of the Russian Navy include: the Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea fleets, as well as the Caspian flotilla. The basis of the Northern and Pacific fleets are strategic missile submarines and multi-purpose nuclear submarines, aircraft carriers, landing and multi-purpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile and artillery troops and attack aircraft. The basis of the Baltic, Black Sea fleets and the Caspian flotilla are multi-purpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile and artillery troops and attack aircraft.

The operational formations of the Navy include flotillas(flotilla of heterogeneous forces, flotilla of strategic submarines, flotilla of attack submarines) and naval air force.

The operational-tactical formations of the Navy include squadrons (operational squadron, squadron of heterogeneous forces, squadron of attack submarines, squadron of amphibious assault forces).

The regional deployment of the Navy requires the maintenance and development of independent basing infrastructures, shipbuilding and ship repair, all types of support, the basis of which is the historically developed system of cities - naval bases in Russia.

A naval base (naval base) is an equipped and defended coastal area with the adjacent water area, providing basing, comprehensive support, deployment and return of fleet forces. As a rule, it includes several bases, as well as forces and means to maintain a favorable operational regime in the assigned 8MB operational area of ​​responsibility.

The composition of formations and naval bases is not constant. It is determined depending on the purpose, the nature of the tasks performed, the areas and directions in which they operate, as well as the conditions of the theater of military operations.

A formation is a permanent organizational formation of ships and units capable of independently solving tactical problems and participating in solving operational problems. The composition of connections is determined by their standard structure. Designed for purposeful combat training and ease of control. The division is the main tactical formation. Brigade and division ships - tactical formations.

A division (brigade) of submarines consists, as a rule, of submarines of the same class (subclass). For example: a division of strategic missile submarines, a division (brigade) of torpedo submarines. Divisions (brigades) of surface ships consist of one or more classes (subclasses) of ships. For example: a division of missile and artillery ships. The division as a tactical formation is a formation of ships of rank 111 and IV. For example: a minesweeper division, a missile boat division, etc.

A tactical unit is a military formation capable of independently solving tactical problems. The units are: ships of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd rank, groups of ships of the 4th rank, a regiment (in naval aviation, marine corps, BRAV).

The part, in turn, consists of military units - small military formations. Typical units: combat unit (service), 4th rank ship, squadron, air unit, battalion, company, platoon, etc.

Special troops and services intended to support the combat activities of the Navy and solve their inherent special tasks are organized organizationally into formations, units, divisions and institutions that are part of the formations, formations and units of the Navy, and are also under central subordination. For example: a division of reconnaissance ships, a military construction detachment, a chemical defense battalion, a communications center, a radio engineering company, an electronic warfare squadron, an arsenal, bases and warehouses, a ship repair yard, a rescue ship brigade, a hydrographic detachment, an automobile company, a group of naval support vessels, etc. .

The organizational structure of the Russian Navy is shown in Fig. 3.

The qualitative and quantitative composition of troops (forces) of fleets (flotillas) must correspond to the level and nature of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation in a particular region.

The variety of tasks solved by the fleet necessitates the specialization of ships, i.e. the construction of ships with certain qualities, which led to the need to classify them.

All ships and vessels in the Navy are divided into groups. The criterion for division is purpose. There are five groups: warships, combat boats, special purpose ships, sea support vessels, raid ships and support boats.

Warships and combat boats, i.e. the first and second groups determine the combat strength of the Navy and are intended to solve combat missions specifically.

The group of special purpose ships includes special purpose submarines, control ships, training ships, and reconnaissance ships.

The group of maritime support vessels includes vessels providing combat training, medical support, radiation safety and chemical protection, transport, emergency rescue, navigation and hydrographic support.

The group of raid support vessels includes vessels designed to support fleet activities in roadsteads and harbors. To them from-; Basic rescue vessels, self-propelled and non-self-propelled maintenance vessels, basic dry cargo and liquid vessels, tugboats, raid boats, etc. are carried.

Within groups, ships and vessels of the Navy are divided into classes. The criteria for dividing into classes are the tasks to be solved and the main weapon. For example, submarines are divided into two classes, and surface ships into five classes.

Within classes, combat ships and special purpose ships are divided into subclasses. The criteria for dividing into subclasses are displacement, type of power plant, narrower specialization, cruising range.

Depending on the tactical and technical elements and purpose, as well as to determine the seniority of commanders, the legal status of the officers and the standards of logistics, warships are divided into ranks. There are four ranks of ships in the Russian Navy. The first is the highest. The division into classes and ranks is determined by the Regulations on the classification of ships and vessels of the Navy.

6 depending on the design features of ships of one And of the same subclass also differ in types and designs.

The classification of ship personnel in different countries has its own characteristics and is not constant. As the fleet develops, with changes in its missions and ship armament, new classes (subclasses) appear, and obsolete ones are excluded from the fleet. Thus, after World War II, most states excluded the class of battleships and subclasses of convoy aircraft carriers from the fleet, and the subclass of patrol ships was excluded from the US Navy. With the equipping of the fleet with missile weapons, a class of missile ships appeared.

The future of the fleet lies in multi-purpose, universal ships capable of effectively combating air, surface, underwater and coastal targets. Therefore, the number of ship classes will be reduced. At the same time, there are specific tasks that require the use of special materials and design solutions in the construction of ships, for example, mine ladders, landing ships, and some special-purpose ships, the universalization of which is impractical.